Possible cognitive effects
Studies have found that prolonged use of medications with strong anticholinergic effects may be associated with:
- Poor concentration
- Memory problems
- Confusion
- Increased dementia risk in some older adults
Not every medication in this category carries the same level of risk, so patients should discuss alternatives with their physician if concerns arise.
3. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
Common examples include:
- Omeprazole
- Pantoprazole
- Esomeprazole
- Lansoprazole
These medications effectively treat acid reflux, stomach ulcers, and GERD.
What researchers have found
Current evidence is mixed.
Some studies have suggested a possible association between long-term PPI use and cognitive decline, while others have found no significant increase in dementia risk.
One concern is that prolonged use can contribute to vitamin B12 deficiency, which itself may cause neurological symptoms and memory impairment if left untreated.
For people requiring long-term therapy, doctors may periodically monitor vitamin B12 levels.
4. Benzodiazepines
Examples include:
- Diazepam (Valium)
- Lorazepam (Ativan)
- Alprazolam (Xanax)
- Clonazepam (Klonopin)
These medications are prescribed for anxiety, insomnia, panic disorders, and seizures.
Possible side effects
Especially in older adults, benzodiazepines may cause:
- Drowsiness
- Memory impairment
- Slower thinking
- Poor balance
- Increased fall risk
Long-term use has been associated in some studies with a higher risk of cognitive decline, although research continues regarding whether the medications themselves—or the conditions they’re prescribed to treat—account for this relationship.
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